How Air Quality Affects Our Health in the Short and Long Term—and Why It’s About to Get Worse

Air quality is something many of us take for granted. But as our climate changes rapidly, air quality is deteriorating at an alarming rate, with increased pollutants and rising CO₂ concentrations posing serious risks to our health. Indoor air quality (IAQ)The condition of the air inside buildings, affecting health and comfort. in particular is becoming a growing concern, as we spend more time indoors exposed to contaminants and rising levels of CO₂. The effects of poor air quality aren’t just long-term; they can also impact our health in the short term, leading to issues that can affect daily life and well-being.

Here’s a look at how air quality impacts us now, the potential long-term consequences, and why our changing climate could make breathing clean airAir free of pollutants, including viruses, bacteria, and harmful particles. a bigger challenge than ever.

Short-Term Effects of Poor Air Quality

Poor air quality can have immediate effects on our health, and many people experience symptoms without even realizing they’re related to air pollution. Here are some of the short-term health impacts of breathing in polluted air:

1. Respiratory Irritation and Infections

Exposure to pollutants like particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ground-level ozone, and nitrogen dioxide can irritate the respiratory system. Common symptoms include coughing, sore throat, and shortness of breath. People with pre-existing respiratory conditions, like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are especially sensitive to these pollutants and may experience flare-ups or worsened symptoms.

2. Fatigue and Reduced Mental Clarity

Short-term exposure to high levels of CO₂ or indoor pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can lead to feelings of fatigue, dizziness, and headaches. This happens because higher CO₂ levels reduce the amount of oxygen our bodies receive, which can impact cognitive function. Many people may feel tired or unfocused after spending time in poorly ventilated spaces, like closed offices or classrooms.

3. Allergic Reactions and Eye, Nose, and Throat Irritation

Pollutants like pollen, mold spores, and pet dander are common indoor allergens that worsen in poorly ventilated environments. When these allergens accumulate in indoor spaces, they can trigger allergic reactions, leading to itchy eyes, runny noses, and other symptoms. Even for those without allergies, pollutants like dust or VOCs from household products can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat, making indoor air quality crucial for comfort and health.

Long-Term Health Effects of Poor Air Quality

While short-term effects are concerning, long-term exposure to poor air quality has even more serious consequences. Prolonged exposure to pollutants and elevated CO₂ levels can increase the risk of chronic diseases, developmental issues, and even early mortality. Here’s how long-term exposure affects health:

1. Increased Risk of Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases

Long-term exposure to pollutants like PM2.5 and ground-level ozone has been strongly linked to chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Tiny particles from vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and wildfires can penetrate deep into the lungs, leading to conditions like asthma, bronchitis, and even lung cancer. Pollutants also enter the bloodstream, which can contribute to heart disease, strokes, and high blood pressure.

2. Cognitive Decline and Neurological Disorders

Emerging research shows a troubling link between air pollution and cognitive health. Chronic exposure to air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter, has been associated with cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. The exact mechanisms aren’t fully understood, but scientists believe pollutants may lead to inflammation in the brain, which over time can impact memory, focus, and other cognitive functions.

3. Developmental and Health Risks in Children

Children are especially vulnerable to the effects of poor air quality. Exposure to high levels of air pollution during childhood can impair lung development, potentially leading to reduced lung function and respiratory issues later in life. There is also evidence linking air pollution exposure to neurodevelopmental issues, such as lower IQ and behavioral problems, as well as an increased risk of developing allergies and asthma.

How Climate Change is Worsening Air Quality

The climate crisis is accelerating at a pace faster than scientists initially predicted, and one of the major consequences is deteriorating air quality. Here’s how climate change is impacting the air we breathe:

1. Rising CO₂ Levels

Atmospheric CO₂ concentrations are at the highest levels in human history, and they continue to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other human activities. While CO₂ is a natural component of the air, excessive amounts have detrimental effects. Higher CO₂ levels are not only contributing to global warming but also affecting indoor air quality, particularly in poorly ventilated spaces where CO₂ levels can build up and lead to headaches, reduced cognitive function, and respiratory discomfort.

2. Increased Frequency of Wildfires

As temperatures rise and droughts become more frequent, wildfires are occurring with greater intensity and duration. Wildfires release large amounts of particulate matter and carbon monoxide, which can travel hundreds or even thousands of miles, impacting air quality far beyond the fire zones. In recent years, wildfire smoke has severely affected air quality across North America, Australia, and parts of Europe, creating hazardous conditions that have led to widespread respiratory issues and other health problems.

3. Rising Ground-Level Ozone

Ozone at ground level is a harmful pollutant, different from the protective ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. Ground-level ozone forms when pollutants from cars, factories, and other sources react in sunlight. Warmer temperatures accelerate this reaction, leading to higher ozone levels, especially in urban areas. Exposure to high levels of ozone can cause respiratory issues, including asthma attacks and lung damage, especially in children and older adults.

4. Increased Pollen Production

Climate change is also causing plants to produce more pollen and extend the pollen season. Higher levels of CO₂ and warmer temperatures stimulate plant growth, resulting in increased pollen from sources like ragweed, which triggers seasonal allergies. Pollen can also combine with other air pollutants, amplifying allergic reactions and respiratory issues, further worsening air quality.

The Importance of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

With people spending about 90% of their time indoors, indoor air quality is a growing concern. Many indoor spaces, like offices, homes, and schools, lack adequate ventilationThe process of circulating air to improve indoor air quality., which can lead to a buildup of pollutants and CO₂. Common indoor pollutants include:

• VOCs: Emitted from products like paints, cleaning supplies, and furniture, VOCs can irritate the respiratory system and contribute to headaches and nausea.
• Radon: A naturally occurring radioactive gas that can seep into buildings, radon is a known carcinogen and is particularly dangerous in poorly ventilated spaces.
• CO₂: High indoor CO₂ levels can cause drowsiness, fatigue, and reduced concentration, particularly in closed spaces where air isn’t circulated effectively.

As climate change worsens outdoor air quality, people may spend more time indoors to avoid pollution, placing even more importance on maintaining good indoor air quality.

Taking Action: How to Protect Your Health

The effects of poor air quality can be managed with individual actions and systemic change. Here are a few ways to protect yourself:

1. Monitor Air Quality: Check air quality indexes (AQIs) in your area, especially on days with high pollution or during wildfire season. Apps like AirVisual and government websites provide real-time air quality data, which can help you make informed decisions about outdoor activities.
2. Improve Indoor VentilationThe process of circulating air to improve indoor air quality.: Proper ventilationThe process of circulating air to improve indoor air quality. is essential for reducing indoor air pollutants. Opening windows, using fans, and investing in air purifiersDevices designed to remove contaminants from the air to improve quality. with HEPA filters can help reduce the concentration of indoor pollutants.
3. Support Clean Energy and Climate Action: Addressing climate change is essential for long-term air quality improvement. Supporting policies that promote renewable energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and protect forests can help mitigate climate-related air quality issues.
4. Use Masks and Air Filters During Poor Air Quality Days: When outdoor air quality is poor due to pollution or wildfire smoke, wearing a high-quality mask (like an N95) can help protect your respiratory system. Indoors, consider using air purifiersDevices designed to remove contaminants from the air to improve quality. to filter out pollutants.

Conclusion: Clean Air is Essential for Health and Well-Being

As our climate continues to change, poor air quality will likely become an increasing threat to public health. The short- and long-term effects of poor air quality are profound, impacting respiratory health, cognitive function, and even developmental health in children. The rising CO₂ levels, combined with the frequency of wildfires, increased ground-level ozone, and extended pollen seasons, paint a concerning picture of the future of air quality.

Clean airAir free of pollutants, including viruses, bacteria, and harmful particles. is a fundamental component of a healthy environment. Recognizing the risks associated with poor air quality and taking proactive steps to reduce pollution, improve ventilationThe process of circulating air to improve indoor air quality., and support climate action can help us protect our health and quality of life. Ensuring that everyone has access to clean airAir free of pollutants, including viruses, bacteria, and harmful particles. should be a priority for all of us—as individuals, communities, and as a global society.